Mesenchymal stem cells MSCs are multipotent progenitor cells with the ability to differentiate into multiple mesoderm lineages in the course of normal tissue homeostasis or during injury We have previously shown that MSCs migrate to sites of tumorigenesis where they become activated by cancer cells to promote metastasis However the molecular and phenotypic attributes of the MSC-induced metastatic state of the cancer cells remained undetermined Here we show that bone marrow-derived human MSCs promote de novo production of lysyl oxidase LOX from human breast carcinoma cells which is sufficient to enhance the metastasis of otherwise weakly metastatic cancer cells to the lungs and bones We also show that LOX is an essential component of the CD44-Twist signaling axis in which extracellular hyaluronan causes nuclear translocation of CD44 in the cancer cells thus triggering LOX transcription by associating with its promoter Processed and enzymatically active LOX in turn stimulates Twist transcription which mediates the MSC-triggered epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition EMT of carcinoma cells Surprisingly although induction of EMT in breast cancer cells has been tightly associated with the generation of cancer stem cells we find that LOX despite being critical for EMT does not contribute to the ability of MSCs to promote the formation of cancer stem cells in the carcinoma cell populations Collectively our studies highlight a critical role for LOX in cancer metastasis and indicate that the signaling pathways controlling stroma-induced EMT are distinct from pathways regulating the development of cancer stem cells
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